The Biologic Importance of Copper
The International Copper Association (ICA) has conducted annual reviews on the biological importance of copper since 1984. The reviews conducted since 1989 are available in this article.

Copper Roof Stormwater Runoff - Corrosion and the Environment
A well defined watershed was utilized to determines copper concentration, speciation and aquatic toxicity in stormwater runoff. Read the paper presented at the 2002 NACE conference.

Alternately, a summary of the early findings from this study as published in the April 1999 issue of Innovations.

Copper and Aquatic Life
Innovations spoke with Dr. Karl D. Shearer, Research Fisheries Biologist with the National Marine Fisheries Service about how copper, in natural quantities, is essential to marine life.

Environmental Impact
Read these four case studies of the impact of copper and the copper industry on the environment, or one of these articles from Innovations on how companies in the copper industry have worked to mitigate the environmental impact of copper extraction:

Trapping Sulphur: Kennecott-Outokumpu's flash smelter sets a new industry standard

The Secret to Staying Young: Kennecott Copper's Bingham Canyon Mine

The Best of Both Worlds: Phelps Dodge's environmental practices

Copper and Global Warming
A summary of articles from Innovations on the copper industry's efforts to help save the world from global warming:

Copper Increases Efficiency of Solar Cells

Air Conditioning & Refrigeration - New Research Program Focuses on Improvements for the 21st Century.

Copper Motor Rotors - Application of High Temperature Mold Materials to Die Cast the Copper Motor Rotor.

Direct Source Heat Pumps - CDA Backs DX Geothermal Heat Pump R&D.

Electric Vehicles